Herbs that tonify deficiencies strengthen or supplement the body’s resistance against disease. They are usually subdivided into herbs that tonify Qi, Yang, blood, or Yin. As Qi, blood, Yin, and Yang are interdependent within the body, a deficient condition in any one of them will affect the others. Therefore, practitioners must be flexible when using these herbs. It is very important that tonifying herbs are applied only in cases with weakness of anti-pathogenic factors, and not during conditions of excess pathogenic factors.
Herbs
Herbs That Tonify Qi
Herbs that tonify Qi are used for deficient Qi syndrome, which is often seen as deficient Qi in the spleen or deficient Qi in the lungs. Deficient Qi of the spleen is manifested as poor appetite, loose stools, abdominal distension, lassitude, edema, or a prolapsed anus. The symptoms of deficient Qi in the lungs are shortness of breath, dysphasia, and spontaneous sweating.
When Qi deficiency is accompanied by Yin deficiency or Yang deficiency, herbs that tonify Yin or Yang should be added to the combination. Because Qi is responsible for the generation and circulation of blood, these herbs are also used in the acute phase of severe blood loss to prevent collapse and to stop bleeding.
In general, overdosing of these herbs is not recommended, as it may cause a stifling sensation in the chest, abdominal distension or poor appetite.
(i) Ginseng (Ren Shen,
)
Pharmaceutical Name: Radix Ginseng
Part Used: Root
Properties: Sweet and slightly warm Meridians: Spleen and lung
| Functions: | (a) | To replenish Qi, prevent collapse, and strengthen Yang; |
| (b) | To tonify the spleen and lungs; | |
| (c) | To promote body fluids and relieve thirst; | |
| (d) | To calm the heart and soothe the mind. |
Applications:
(a)Collapsing syndrome due to severe deficiency of primary Qi, severe loss of blood, severe vomiting or diarrhea, manifested as sweating, cold limbs, shortness of breath, and a weak fading pulse. Ginseng (Ren Shen, 
) can be used alone or with prepared aconite root (Fu Zi, 
).
(b)Weakness of the spleen and stomach, manifested as poor appetite, lassitude, fullness in the epigastric and abdominal regions, and loose stools. Ginseng (Ren Shen, 
) is used with White Atractylodes (Bai Zhu, 
), Poria (Fu Ling, 
), and Licorice root (Gan Cao, 
).
(c)Deficient Qi of the lungs, manifested as shortness of breath, spontaneous sweating, and lassitude. Ginseng (Ren Shen, 
) is used with Gecko (Gejie, 
).
(d)Diabetes or exhaustion of Qi and body fluids by febrile disease, manifested as thirst, sweating, irritability, shortness of breath, and a weak pulse. Ginseng (Ren Shen, 
) is used with Ophiopogon root (Mai Dong, 
) and Schisandra fruit (Wu Wei Zi, 
). If the aforementioned manifestations are accompanied by fever, Ginseng (Ren Shen, 
) can be taken with Gypsum (Shi Gao, 
) and Anemarrhena rhizome (Zhi Mu, 
).
(e)Mental restlessness manifested as palpitations, anxiety, insomnia, dream-disturbed sleep, and forgetfulness. Ginseng (Ren Shen, 
) is used with Wild jujube seed (Suan Zao Ren, 
) and Chinese Angelica root (Dang Gui, 
).
(f)Impotence and premature ejaculation in men or frigidity in women, Ginseng (Ren Shen, 
) can be used alone or with Pilose antler (Lu Rong, 
) and Human placenta (Zi He Che, 
).
(g)Dosage: 5–10 g.
Cautions and Contraindications: This herb is contraindicated for a person with heat signs or excess syndromes without a deficiency of anti-pathogenic factors. It should not be mixed with Black false hellebore (Li Lu, 
), Trogopterus dung (Wu Ling Zhi, 
), and Chinese honey locust (Zao Jia, 
). When taking Ginseng (Ren Shen, 
), do not drink tea or eat turnips.
(ii) American ginseng (Xi Yang Shen, 
)
Pharmaceutical Name: Radix Panacis quinquefolii; Radix ginseng americane
Part Used: Root
Properties: Bitter, slightly sweet, and cold
Meridians: Heart, lung, and kidney
| Functions: | (a) | To replenish Qi and promote body fluids; |
| (b) | To nourish Yin and clear heat. |
Applications:
(a)Deficient Yin and excessive fire in the lungs, manifested as asthma and cough with bloody sputum. American ginseng (Xi Yang Shen, 
) is used with Ophiopogon root (Mai Dong, 
), Donkey hide gelatin (E Jiao, 
), Anemarrhena rhizome (Zhi Mu, 
), and Tendrilled fritillary bulb (Chuan Bei Mu, 
).
(b)Exhaustion of Qi and Yin from febrile disease, manifested as thirst, irritability, shortness of breath, and a deficient pulse. American ginseng (Xi Yang Shen, 
) is used with Fresh Rehmannia root (Sheng Di Huang, 
), fresh Dendrobium (Shi Hu, 
), and Ophiopogon root (Mai Dong, 
).
(c)Dosage: 3–6 g.
Cautions and Contraindications: This herb should be cooked separately, and then added to the decoction of other herbs. It is contraindicated for a person with cold and dampness in the stomach. It counteracts the herb Black false hellebore (Li Lu, 
). When one is frying or decocting, pots made of iron should not be used.
(iii) Pilose Asiabell root (Dang Shen, 
)
Pharmaceutical Name: Radix Codonopsis pilosulae
Part Used: Root
Properties: Sweet and neutral
Meridians: Spleen and lung
Function: To replenish Qi.
Applications:
(a)Deficient Qi in the middle Jiao (spleen and stomach), manifested as tired limbs. Pilose Asiabell root (Dang Shen, 
) is used with White Atractylodes (Bai Zhu, 
) and Poria (Fu Ling, 
).
(b)Deficient Qi in the lungs, manifested as shortness of breath, cough, asthma, lassitude, dysphasia, low voice, shallow breathing, and a deficient forceless pulse. Pilose Asiabell root (Dang Shen, 
) is used with Astragalus root (Huang Qi, 
) and Schisandra fruit (Wu Wei Zi, 
).
(c)Dosage: 10–30 g
Cautions and Contraindications: This herb counteracts the herb Black false hellebore (Li Lu, 
).
(iv) Astragalus root (Huang Qi, 
)
Pharmaceutical Name: Radix Astragali
Part Used: Root
Properties: Sweet and slightly warm Meridians: Spleen and lung
| Functions: | (a) | To replenish Qi and cause Yang to ascend; |
| (b) | To benefit Qi and stabilize the exterior; | |
| (c) | To release toxins and promote healing; | |
| (d) | To promote water metabolism and reduce edema. |
Applications:
(a)Deficient Qi of the spleen and lungs, manifested as poor appetite, loose stools, shortness of breath, and lassitude. Astragalus root (Huang Qi, 
) is used with Ginseng (Ren Shen, 
) and White Atractylodes (Bai Zhu, 
).
(b)Deficient Qi and weakened Yang, manifested as chills and sweating. Astragalus root (Huang Qi, 
) is used with prepared aconite root (Fu Zi, 
).
(c)Qi sinking in the middle Jiao due to weakness of the spleen and stomach, manifested as a prolapsed anus, a prolapsed uterus, and gastroptosis. Astragalus root (Huang Qi, 
) is used with Ginseng (Ren Shen, 
), white Atractylodes (Bai Zhu, 
), and Cimicifuga rhizome (Sheng Ma, 
).
(d)Deficient spleen-Qi failing to control blood, manifested as blood in the stools and uterine bleeding. Astragalus root (Huang Qi, 
) is used with Ginseng (Ren Shen, 
) and Chinese Angelica root (Dang Gui, 
).
(e)Deficiency of Qi and blood, manifested as palpitations, anxiety, insomnia, and forgetfulness. Astragalus root (Huang Qi, 
) is used with Longan aril (Long Yan Rou, 
), Wild jujube seed (Suan Zao Ren, 
), and Polygala root (Yuan Zhi, 
).
(f)For spontaneous sweating due to deficiency, Astragalus root (Huang Qi, 
) is used with Oyster shell (Mu Li, 
), Light wheat (Fu Xiao Mai, 
), and Ephedra root (Ma Huang Gen, 
).
(g)For night sweats due to Yin deficiency and excessive fire, Astragalus root (Huang Qi, 
) is used with Fresh Rehmannia root (Sheng Di Huang, 
) and Phellodendron bark (Huang Bai, 
).
(h)Deficiency of the spleen leading to dysfunction in transportation and transformation of water, manifested as edema and scanty urine. Astragalus root (Huang Qi, 
) is used with Tetrandra root (Fang Ji, 
) and White Atractylodes (Bai Zhu, 
).
(i)Boils and ulcers due to Qi and blood deficiency, manifested as sores that have formed pus but have not drained or healed well. Astragalus root (Huang Qi, 
) is used with Cinnamon bark (Rou Gui, 
), Chinese Angelica root (Dang Gui, 
), and Ginseng (Ren Shen, 
).
(j)Retardation of blood circulation due to Qi and blood deficiency, manifested as hemiplegia. Astragalus root (Huang Qi, 
) is used with Chinese Angelica root (Dang Gui, 
), Chuan Xiong rhizome (Chuan Xiong, 
), and Earthworm (Di Long, 
).
(k)Dosage: 10–15 g.
Cautions and Contraindications: This herb is contraindicated during Yin deficiency and hyperactivity of Yang, Qi stagnation and accumulation of dampness, retention of food, exterior excess syndrome, and the early stage of carbuncles and furuncles.
(v) White Atractylodes (Bai Zhu, 
)
Pharmaceutical Name: Rhizoma Atractylodis macrocephalae
Part Used: Rhizome
Properties: Bitter, sweet, and warm
Meridians: Spleen and stomach
| Functions: | (a) | To replenish Qi and strengthen the spleen; |
| (b) | To resolve dampness and promote water metabolism; | |
| (c) | To stop sweating and calm the fetus. |
Applications:
(a)Weakness of the spleen in transportation and transformation of water, manifested as poor appetite, loose stools, lassitude, and epigastric and abdominal distension and fullness. White Atractylodes (Bai Zhu, 
) is used with Ginseng (Ren Shen, 
) and Poria (Fu Ling, 
).
(b)Deficiency and cold in the spleen and stomach, manifested as a cold sensation and pain in the epigastric and abdominal regions, diarrhea, and vomiting. White Atractylodes (Bai Zhu, 
) is used with Dried ginger (Gan Jiang, 
) and Ginseng (Ren Shen, 
).
(c)Qi stagnation due to weakness of the spleen and stomach, manifested as epigastric and abdominal fullness. White Atractylodes (Bai Zhu, 
) is used with immature bitter orange (Zhi Shi, 
).
(d)Internal accumulation of water and dampness due to dysfunction of the spleen and stomach accompanied by edema or phlegm fluid syndrome: For edema and ascites, White Atractylodes (Bai Zhu, 
) is used with Areca nut shell (Da fu pi, 
) and Poria (Fu Ling, 
); For phlegm-damp syndrome manifested as palpitations, asthma, cough with excessive sputum, and a stifling sensation in the chest, White Atractylodes (Bai Zhu, 
) is used with Cinnamon twigs (Gui Zhi, 
) and Poria (Fu Ling, 
).
(e)Spontaneous sweating due to Qi deficiency. White Atractylodes (Bai Zhu, 
) is used with Astragalus root (Huang Qi, 
) and Ledebouriella (Fang Feng, 
).
(f)Restlessness of the fetus due to weakness of spleen Qi during pregnancy: (1) if accompanying manifestations include vaginal bleeding and pain in the lower abdomen, White Atractylodes (Bai Zhu, 
) is used with Ginseng (Ren Shen, 
) and Poria (Fu Ling, 
); (2) if accompanying manifestations include dizziness, vertigo, and palpitations, White Atractylodes (Bai Zhu, 
) is used with Prepared Rehmannia root (Shu Di Huang, 
), Chinese Angelica root (Dang Gui, 
), White peony root (Bai Shao, 
), and Donkey hide gelatin (E Jiao, 
); (3) if accompanying manifestations include soreness and pain in the lumbar region due to kidney deficiency, White Atractylodes (Bai Zhu, 
) is used with Eucommia bark (Du Zhong, 
), Teasel root (Xu Duan, 
), and Mulberry mistletoe (Sang Ji Sheng, 
); (4) if accompanying manifestations include distension and fullness in the chest and abdominal region due to Qi stagnation, White Atractylodes (Bai Zhu, 
) is used with Perilla stem (Su geng, 
) and Amomum fruit (Sha Ren, 
); (5) if accompanying manifestations include a red tongue proper with a yellow coating and a rapid pulse due to internal heat, White Atractylodes (Bai Zhu, 
) is used with Scutellaria root (Huang Qin, 
).
(g)Dosage: 5–15 g.
Cautions and Contraindications: The raw herb is used for resolving dampness and promoting water metabolism. The parching herb is used for replenishing Qi and strengthening the spleen. The carbonized herb is used for tonifying the spleen and stopping diarrhea. White Atractylodes (Bai Zhu, 
) is contraindicated in cases with thirst accompanied by exhaustion of body fluids.
(vi) Dioscorea (Shan Yao, 
)
Pharmaceutical Name: Rhizoma Dioscoreae
Part Used: Rhizome
Properties: Sweet and neutral
Meridians: Spleen, lung, and kidney
| Functions: | (a) | To strengthen the spleen and stomach; |
| (b) | To tonify the lungs and kidneys. |
Applications:
(a)Weakness of the spleen and stomach, manifested as poor appetite, diarrhea, and lassitude. Dioscorea (Shan Yao, 
) is used with Ginseng (Ren Shen, 
), White Atractylodes (Bai Zhu, 
), and Poria (Fu Ling, 
).
(b)Excessive dampness due to deficiency of the spleen, manifested as whitish and dilute leukorrhagia and lassitude. Dioscorea (Shan Yao, 
) is used with White Atractylodes (Bai Zhu, 
), Poria (Fu Ling, 
), and Euryale seed (Qian Shi, 
).
(c)Excessive dampness transforming into heat, manifested as yellow leukorrhea. Dioscorea (Shan Yao, 
) is used with Phellodendron bark (Huang Bai, 
) and Plantain seed (Che Qian Zi, 
).
(d)Leukorrhagia due to deficient kidneys, manifested as leukorrhagia and lower-back pain. Dioscorea (Shan Yao, 
) is used with Dogwood fruit (Shan Zhu Yu, 
) and Dodder seed (Tu Si Zi, 
).
(e)Diabetes manifested as extreme thirst, excessive drinking and food intake, profuse urination, and lassitude. Dioscorea (Shan Yao, 
) is used with Astragalus root (Huang Qi, 
), Trichosanthes root (Tian Hua Fen, 
), Fresh Rehmannia root (Sheng Di Huang, 
), and Pueraria root (Ge Gen, 
).
(f)Nocturnal emissions due to deficient kidneys, Dioscorea (Shan Yao, 
) is used with Dogwood fruit (Shan Zhu Yu, 
) and Prepared Rehmannia root (Shu Di Huang, 
).
(g)Frequent urination due to kidney deficiency. Dioscorea (Shan Yao, 
) is used with Bitter cardamom (Yi Zhi Ren, 
) and Mantis egg case (Sang Piao Xiao, 
).
(h)Chronic cough due to deficient lungs. Dioscorea (Shan Yao, 
) is used with Glehnia root (Sha Shen, 
), Ophiopogon root (Mai Dong, 
), and Schisandra fruit (Wu Wei Zi, 
).
(i)Dosage: 15–30 g.
Cautions and Contraindications: This herb is contraindicated when there is food retention.
(vii) Licorice root (Gan Cao, 
)
Pharmaceutical Name: Radix Glycyrrhizae
Part Used: Rhizome
Properties: Sweet and neutral
Meridians: Heart, lung, spleen, and stomach
| Functions | (a) | To tonify the spleen and replenish Qi; |
| (b) | To moisten the lungs and stop coughs; | |
| (c) | To relax spasms and stop pain; | |
| (d) | To moderate the actions of other herbs; | |
| (e) | To reduce fire and release toxins. |
Applications:
(a)Deficient Qi of the spleen and stomach-manifested as poor appetite, loose stools, and lassitude. Licorice root (Gan Cao, 
) is used with White Atractylodes (Bai Zhu, 
), Poria (Fu Ling, 
), and Ginseng (Ren Shen, 
).
(b)Cough and asthma. Licorice root (Gan Cao, 
) is used with Apricot seed (Xing Ren, 
) and Ephedra (Ma Huang, 
).
(c)Carbuncles, furuncles, sore throat, and swelling due to toxic heat. Licorice root (Gan Cao, 
) is used with Platycodon root (Jie Geng, 
), Scrophularia (Xuan Shen, 
), and Arctium fruit (Niu Bang Zi, 
) for sore throat; Licorice root (Gan Cao, 
) can also be used with Honeysuckle flower (Jin Yin Hua, 
) and Forsythia fruit (Lian Qiao, 
) for carbuncles, furuncles, and swellings.
(d)Abdominal pain due to spasms of the stomach or intestines. Licorice root (Gan Cao, 
) is used with White peony root (Bai Shao, 
).
(e)Moderating the actions of other herbs; for example, in the combination Sini Tang, Licorice root (Gan Cao, 
) weakens the heating properties and lessens the side effects of prepared aconite root (Fu Zi, 
).
(f)Dosage: 2–10 g.
Cautions and Contraindications: This herb is contraindicated during cases of excess dampness causing distension and fullness in the chest and abdominal region, or vomiting. It counteracts Peking spurge root (Da Ji, 
), Genkwa flower (Yuan Hua, 
), Kansui root (Gan Sui, 
), and Seaweed (Hai Zao, 
). Prolonged overdosing of the herb may cause edema.
(viii) Jujube (Da Zao, 
)
Pharmaceutical Name: Fructus Jujubae
Part Used: Fruit Meridians: Spleen and stomach
| Functions: | (a) | To replenish Qi in the middle Jiao (spleen and stomach); |
| (b) | To nourish the blood and soothe the mind; | |
| (c) | To moderate the actions of other herbs. |
Applications:
(a)Weakness of the spleen and stomach, manifested as lassitude, poor appetite, and loose stools. Jujube (Da Zao, 
) is used with Ginseng (Ren Shen, 
) and White Atractylodes (Bai Zhu, 
).
(b)Hysteria manifested as grief, weeping and sighing. Jujube (Da Zao, 
) is used with Licorice root (Gan Cao, 
) and Light wheat (Fu Xiao Mai, 
).
(c)Moderating the actions of other herbs, Jujube (Da Zao, 
) is used with Peking spurge root (Da Ji, 
), Kansui root (Gan Sui, 
), and Genkwa flower (Yuan Hua, 
).
(d)Dosage: 6–15 g.
Cautions and Contraindications: This herb is contraindicated in conditions of excessive dampness, epigastric and abdominal distension and fullness, retention of food, intestinal parasites, pain of decayed teeth, and cough due to phlegm-heat.
Herbs That Tonify Yang
Herbs that tonify Yang are used to treat deficient Yang syndrome, mainly deficient Yang of the kidneys. Deficient Yang syndrome is manifested as aversion to cold, cold extremities, soreness and weakness or cold pain in the lower back and knees, impotence, spermatorrhea, sterility, watery leukorrhea, enuresis, a white tongue coating, a deep pulse, wheezing, and diarrhea.
In general, herbs that tonify Yang are warm and dry in nature. They can injure Yin and give rise to fire, so they are contraindicated for a person with deficient Yin and excessive fire syndrome.
(i) Pilose antler (Lu Rong, 
)
Pharmaceutical Name: Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum
Part Used: Antler of the deer
Properties: Sweet, salty, and warm
Meridians: Liver and kidney
| Functions: | (a) | To replenish blood and essence; |
| (b) | To tonify kidney-Yang; | |
| (c) | To strengthen the bones and tendons. |
Applications:
(a)Deficient kidney-Yang, manifested as weakness of the body, aversion to cold, cold extremities, impotence in men, frigidity in women, infertility, frequent urination, soreness and pain in the lower back and knees, dizziness, listlessness, tinnitus, and a gradual loss of hearing. Pilose antler (Lu Rong, 
) is used with Ginseng (Ren Shen, 
), Prepared Rehmannia root (Shu Di Huang, 
), and Dodder seed (Tu Si Zi, 
).
(b)Deficiency of blood and essence, manifested as soreness and weakness of bones and tendons, and infantile maldevelopment. Pilose antler (Lu Rong, 
) is used with Prepared Rehmannia root (Shu Di Huang, 
), Dioscorea (Shan Yao, 
), and Dogwood fruit (Shan Zhu Yu, 
).
(c)Deficiency and cold in the Chong and Ren Meridians, manifested as white and dilute leukorrhea or uterine bleeding. Pilose antler (Lu Rong, 
) is used with Donkey hide gelatin (E Jiao, 
), Chinese Angelica root (Dang Gui, 
), Dogwood fruit (Shan Zhu Yu, 
), and Cuttlefish bone (Wu Zei Gu, 
).
(d)Chronic ulcers, Pilose antler (Lu Rong, 
) is used with Prepared Rehmannia root (Shu Di Huang, 
), Cinnamon bark (Rou Gui, 
), and Astragalus root (Huang Qi, 
).
(e)Dosage: 1–2 g.
Cautions and Contraindications: Overdosing of this herb can cause dizziness or red eyes, and may consume Yin. It is contraindicated in cases of deficient Yin with hyperactive Yang, heat in the blood, excessive fire in the stomach, phlegm-heat in the lungs, and febrile disease due to exogenous pathogenic heat.
(ii) Morinda root (Ba Ji Tian, 
)
Pharmaceutical Name: Radix Morindae officinalis
Part Used: Root
Properties: Pungent, sweet and slightly warm Meridian: Kidney
| Functions: | (a) | To tonify the kidneys and strengthen Yang; |
| (b) | To dispel wind and transform dampness. |
Applications:
(a)Deficient kidney-Yang, manifested as soreness and weakness of the lower back and knees, impotence, premature ejaculation, infertility, frigidity, irregular menstruation, and a cold sensation and pain in the lower abdomen. (1) Morinda root (Ba Ji Tian, 
) is used with Ginseng (Ren Shen, 
), Cistanche (Rou Cong Rong, 
), and Dodder seed (Tu Si Zi, 
) for impotence, premature ejaculation, and infertility; (2) Morinda root (Ba Ji Tian, 
) is used with Teasel root (Xu Duan,
) and Eucommia bark (Du Zhong, 
) for soreness and weakness of the lower back and knees; (3) Morinda root (Ba Ji Tian, 
) is used with Cinnamon bark (Rou Gui, 
), Galangal rhizome (Gao Liang Jiang, 
), and Evodia fruit (Wu Zhu Yu, 
) for irregular menstruation.
(b)Morinda root (Ba Ji Tian, 
) is used with Teasel root (Xu Duan, 
), Mulberry mistletoe (Sang Ji Sheng, 
), and Hypoglauca yam (Bixie, 
) for a sensation of coldness and pain in the lumbar region and knees, or motor impairment.
(c)Dosage: 5–15 g.
Cautions and Contraindications: This herb is contraindicated in cases of deficient Yin with excessive fire, or damp-heat.
(iii) Cistanche (Rou Cong Rong, 
)
Pharmaceutical Name: Herba cistanches
Part Used: Stem
Properties: Sweet, salty, and warm
Meridians: Kidney and large intestine
| Functions: | (a) | To tonify the kidneys and strengthen yang; |
| (b) | To moisten the intestines and move feces. |
Applications:
(a)Deficiency of the kidneys, manifested as impotence. Cistanche (Rou Cong Rong, 
) is used with prepared Rehmannia root (Shu Di Huang, 
), Dodder seed (Tu Si Zi, 
), and Schisandra fruit (Wu Wei Zi, 
).
(b)Frigidity and infertility. Cistanche (Rou Cong Rong, 
) is used with Antler glue (Lu Jiao Jiao, 
), Human placenta (Zi He Che, 
), and prepared Rehmannia root (Shu Di Huang, 
).
(c)Pain in the lower back and knees, fragile bones and tendons due to kidney deficiency. Cistanche (Rou Cong Rong, 
) is used with Morinda root (Ba Ji Tian, 
) and Eucommia bark (Du Zhong, 
).
(d)Constipation due to dryness in the intestines. Cistanche (Rou Cong Rong, 
) is used with Hemp seed (Hua Ma Ren).
(e)Dosage: 10–15 g.
Cautions and Contraindications: This herb is contraindicated in cases of Yin deficiency with excessive fire, or diarrhea or constipation due to excessive heat in the stomach and intestine.
(iv) Epimedium (Yin Yang Huo, 
)
Pharmaceutical Name: Herba Epimedii
Part Used: Aerial part of the plant
Properties: Pungent, sweet, and warm
Meridians: Liver and kidney
| Functions: | (a) | To tonify the kidneys and strengthen yang; |
| (b) | To expel wind and dampness. |
Applications:
(a)Deficient kidney-Yang, manifested as impotence, weakness of the lower back and knees, and frequent urination. Epimedium (Yin Yang Huo, 
) is used with Curculigo rhizome (Xian mao, 
) and prepared Rehmannia root (Shu Di Huang,
)
(b)Cold pain in the lower back and knees and numbness of limbs due to obstruction by invasion of wind-cold-damp. Epimedium (Yin Yang Huo, 
) is used with Clematis root (Wei Ling Xian, 
), Eucommia bark (Du Zhong, 
), and Cinnamon twigs (Gui Zhi, 
).
(c)Dosage: 3–15 g.
Cautions and Contraindications: This herb is contraindicated in cases of Yin deficiency with excessive fire.
(v) Eucommia bark (Du Zhong, 
)
Pharmaceutical Name: Cortex Eucommiae
Part Used: Bark
Properties: Sweet and warm
Meridians: Liver and kidney
| Functions: | (a) | To tonify the liver and kidneys and strengthen bones and tendons; |
| (b) | To calm the fetus so as to prevent miscarriage. |
Applications:
(a)Deficiency of the liver and kidneys, manifested as soreness and pain in the lower back and knees. Eucommia bark (Du Zhong, 
) is used with Psoralea fruit (Bu Gu Zhi, 
) and Walnut seed (Hu Tao Ren, 
).
(b)Impotence due to deficient kidneys. Eucommia bark (Du Zhong, 
) is used with Dogwood fruit (Shan Zhu Yu, 
), Dodder seed (Tu Si Zi, 
), and Schisandra fruit (Wu Wei Zi, 
).
(c)Threatened abortion or restlessness of the fetus, manifested as lower abdominal pain and uterine bleeding. Eucommia bark (Du Zhong, 
) is used with Teasel root (Xu Duan, 
) and Dioscorea (Shan Yao, 
).
(d)Dosage: 10–15 g.
Cautions and ContraIndications: The fried herb is more effective than the raw herb. Eucommia bark (Du Zhong, 
) is contraindicated in cases of Yin deficiency with excessive fire.
(vi) Cibot rhizome (Gou Ji, 
)
Pharmaceutical Name: Rhizoma Cibotii
Part Used: Rhizome
Properties: Bitter, sweet, and warm
Meridians: Liver and kidney
| Functions: | (a) | To tonify the liver and kidneys; |
| (b) | To strengthen bones and tendons; | |
| (c) | To expel wind and dampness. |
Applications:
(a)Deficiency of the liver and kidneys, manifested as soreness and pain in the lower back and knees. Cibot rhizome (Gou Ji, 
) is used with Eucommia bark (Du Zhong, 
), Teasel root (Xu Duan, 
), and Cyathula root (Niu Xi, 
).
(b)Deficient liver and kidneys accompanied by invasion of wind and dampness, manifested as soreness and pain in the lower back and knees, and motor impairment. Cibot rhizome (Gou Ji, 
) is used with Cinnamon twigs (Gui Zhi, 
), Large-leaf gentian root (Qin Jiao, 
), and Futokadsura stem (Hai Feng Teng, 
).
(c)Dosage: 6–12 g.
Cautions and Contraindications: This herb is contraindicated in cases with dysuria, scanty, yellow or brown urine, a bitter flavor in the mouth, or dryness of the tongue.
(vii) Psoralea fruit (Bu Gu Zhi, 
)
Pharmaceutical Name: Fructus Psoraleae
Part Used: Fruit
Properties: Bitter, pungent, and very warm Meridians: Kidney and spleen
| Functions: | (a) | To the tonify kidneys and strengthen Yang; |
| (b) | To prevent nocturnal urination and emissions; | |
| (c) | To warm the spleen and stop diarrhea. |
Applications:
(a)Deficient kidneys manifested as impotence and soreness and weakness of the lower back and knees. Psoralea fruit (Bu Gu Zhi, 
) is used with Dodder seed (Tu Si Zi, 
), Cistanche (Rou Cong Rong, 
), and Eucommia bark (Du Zhong, 
).
(b)Nocturnal urination and emissions due to kidney deficiency. Psoralea fruit (Bu Gu Zhi, 
) is used with Bitter cardamom (Yi Zhi Ren, 
) and Dioscorea (Shan Yao, 
).
(c)Diarrhea due to deficiency of Yang of the spleen and kidneys. Psoralea fruit (Bu Gu Zhi, 
) is used with Evodia fruit (Wu Zhu Yu, 
), Nutmeg (Rou Dou Kou, 
), and Schisandra fruit (Wu Wei Zi, 
).
(d)Dosage: 5–15 g.
Cautions and Contraindications: This herb is contraindicated in cases of Yin deficiency with excessive fire as well as constipation.
(viii) Bitter cardamom (Yi Zhi Ren, 
)
Pharmaceutical Name: Fructus Alpiniae oxyphyllae
Part Used: Fruit
Properties: Pungent and warm Meridians: Spleen and kidney
| Functions: | (a) | To warm and tonify the spleen and kidneys; |
| (b) | To prevent emissions and stop diarrhea. |
Applications:
(a)Invasion of cold in the spleen and kidneys, manifested as abdominal pain and vomiting. Bitter cardamom (Yi Zhi Ren, 
) is used with Pilose Asiabell root (Dang Shen, 
), White Atractylodes (Bai Zhu, 
), and Dried ginger (Gan Jiang, 
).
(b)Kidney deficiency manifested as enuresis and seminal emissions. Bitter cardamom (Yi Zhi Ren, 
) is used with Dioscorea (Shan Yao, 
) and Lindera root (Wu Yao,
).
(c)Diarrhea and excessive salivation due to spleen deficiency. Bitter cardamom (Yi Zhi Ren, 
) is used with Poria (Fu Ling, 
), Dioscorea (Shan Yao, 
), Pilose Asiabell root (Dang Shen, 
), and Pinellia tuber (Ban Xia, 
).
(d)Dosage: 3–10 g.
Cautions and Contraindications: This herb is contraindicated in cases of Yin deficiency with excessive fire, as well as seminal emissions, frequent urination, and uterine bleeding caused by heat.
(ix) Cordyceps (Dong Chong Xia Cao, 
)
Pharmaceutical Name: Cordyceps
Part Used: Fungus and carcass of the larva
Properties: Sweet and warm
Meridians: Kidney and lung
| Functions: | (a) | To tonify the lungs and kidneys; |
| (b) | To stop bleeding; | |
| (c) | To resolve phlegm. |
Applications:
(a)Deficient kidneys manifested as impotence, seminal emissions, and soreness and pain in the lower back and knees. Cordyceps (Dong Chong Xia Cao, 
) is used with Dogwood fruit (Shan Zhu Yu, 
), Dioscorea (Shan Yao, 
), and Dodder seed (Tu Si Zi, 
). The herb can also be used alone.
(b)Chronic cough and asthma or cough with bloody sputum due to lung deficiency. Cordyceps (Dong Chong Xia Cao, 
) is used with Glehnia root (Sha Shen, 
), Donkey hide gelatin (E Jiao, 
), and Tendrilled fritillary bulb (Chuan Bei Mu, 
).
(c)Spontaneous sweating and aversion to cold due to weakness of the body or illness. Cordyceps (Dong Chong Xia Cao, 
) is cooked with chicken, duck, or pork.
(d)Dosage: 5–15 g.
Cautions and Contraindications: This substance should be used with caution in cases with exterior syndromes.
Herbs That Tonify the Blood
Herbs that tonify the blood are mainly used for deficiency of blood syndrome manifested as a sallow complexion, pale lips and nails, dizziness, blurred vision, palpitations, anxiety, scanty light-red menstrual flow, or amenorrhea. Because “Qi can generate blood,” herbs that tonify Qi may enhance the therapeutic effect of tonifying the blood.
These herbs are characterized by viscosity, which may adversely affect digestion. For this reason, they are contraindicated in cases with poor appetite, and abdominal distension and fullness due to turbid dampness in the spleen and stomach. For a person with such symptoms, herbs that strengthen the spleen and aid digestion are often added to the combination.
(i) Chinese Angelica root (Dang Gui, 
)
Pharmaceutical Name: Radix Angelicae sinensis
Part Used: Root
Properties: Sweet, pungent, and warm
Meridians: Liver, heart, and spleen
| Functions: | (a) | To replenish blood; |
| (b) | To invigorate blood and stop pain; | |
| (c) | To moisten the intestines. |
Applications:
(a)Syndromes due to deficiency of blood. Chinese Angelica root (Dang Gui, 
) is used with White peony root (Bai Shao, 
), prepared Rehmannia root (Shu Di Huang, 
), and Astragalus root (Huang Qi, 
).
(b)Irregular menstruation. Chinese Angelica root (Dang Gui, 
) is used with prepared Rehmannia root (Shu Di Huang, 
), White peony root (Bai Shao, 
), and Chuan Xiong rhizome (Chuan Xiong, 
).
(c)Dysmenorrhea. Chinese Angelica root (Dang Gui, 
) is used with Cyperus tuber (Xiang Fu), Corydalis tuber (Yan Hu Suo, 
), and Motherwort (Yi Mu Cao, 
).
(d)Amenorrhea. Chinese Angelica root (Dang Gui, 
) is used with Peach Seed (Tao Ren, 
) and Safflower (Hong Hua, 
).
(e)Uterine bleeding. Chinese Angelica root (Dang Gui, 
) is used with Donkey hide gelatin (E Jiao, 
), Mugwort leaf (Ai Ye, 
), and fresh Rehmannia root (Sheng Di Huang, 
).
(f)Pain due to stagnation of blood: (1) pain caused by external injury — Chinese Angelica root (Dang Gui, 
) is used with Safflower (Hong Hua, 
), Peach seed (Tao Ren, 
), Frankincense (Ru Xiang, 
), and Myrrh (Mo Yao, 
); (2) pain caused by carbuncles and furuncles — Chinese Angelica root (Dang Gui, 
) is used with Moutan bark (Mu Dan Pi, 
), Red peony (Chi Shao, 
), Honeysuckle flower (Jin Yin Hua, 
), and Forsythia fruit (Lian Qiao, 
); (3) postpartum abdominal pain. Chinese Angelica root (Dang Gui, 
) is used with Motherwort (Yi Mu Cao, 
), Peach seed (Tao Ren, 
), and Chuan Xiong rhizome (Chuan Xiong, 
); (4) wind-damp obstruction (rheumatic pain) — Chinese Angelica root (Dang Gui, 
) is used with Cinnamon twigs (Gui Zhi, 
), Spatholobus stem (Ji Xue Teng, 
), and White peony root (Bai Shao, 
).
(g)Constipation due to intestinal dryness, Chinese Angelica root (Dang Gui, 
) is used with Cistanche (Rou Cong Rong, 
) and Hemp seed (Huo Ma Ren, 
).
(h)Dosage: 5–15 g.
Cautions and Contraindications: The head of the herb is more effective for nourishing blood while the tail is good for moving blood. The body is used to invigorate and nourish blood. Mixing Chinese Angelica root (Dang Gui, 
) with wine enhances the function of invigorating blood. Use of this herb is contraindicated in cases of excessive dampness in the stomach and spleen, and of diarrhea or loose stools.
(ii) Prepared Rehmannia root (Shu Di Huang, 
)
Pharmaceutical Name: Radix Rehmanniae praeparata
Part Used: Root
Properties: Sweet and slightly warm
Meridians: Liver and kidney
Function: To nourish blood and replenish Yin.
Applications:
(a)Deficient blood syndrome, manifested as a sallow complexion, dizziness, vertigo, palpitations, insomnia, irregular menstruation, and uterine bleeding. Prepared Rehmannia root (Shu Di Huang, 
) is used with Chinese Angelica root (Dang Gui, 
) and White peony root (Bai Shao, 
).
(b)Deficient kidney syndrome, manifested as afternoon fever, night sweats, nocturnal emissions, diabetes, dizziness, and blurred vision. Prepared Rehmannia root (Shu Di Huang, 
) is used with Dogwood fruit (Shan Zhu Yu,
) and Dioscorea (Shan Yao, 
).
(c)Deficient Yin and excessive fire syndrome, manifested as afternoon fever, a feverish sensation on the palms and, soles and in the chest, night sweats, nocturnal emissions, a red tongue proper with a scanty coating, and a thready rolling rapid pulse. Prepared Rehmannia root (Shu Di Huang, 
) is used with Tortoise plastron (Gui Ban, 
), Anemarrhena rhizome (Zhi Mu, 
), and Phellodendron bark (Huang Bai, 
).
(d)Dosage: 10–30 g.
Cautions and Contraindications: This herb is contraindicated in cases with Qi stagnation and profuse phlegm, with epigastric and abdominal distension and pain, and with poor appetite and diarrhea.
(iii) Fleece flower root (He Shou Wu, 
)
Pharmaceutical Name: Radix Polygoni multiflori
Part Used: Tuberous root
Properties: Bitter, sweet, astringent, and slightly warm
Meridians: Liver and kidney
| Functions: | (a) | To nourish blood and replenish essence; |
| (b) | To moisten the intestines and move stools; | |
| (c) | To release toxins. |
Applications:
(a)Deficient blood syndrome, manifested as a sallow complexion, dizziness, vertigo, insomnia, early graying of hair, and soreness and weakness of the lumbar region and knees. Fleeceflower root (He Shou Wu, 
) is used with prepared Rehmannia root (Shu Di Huang, 
), Glossy privet fruit (Nu Zhen Zi, 
), Wolfberry fruit (Gou Qi Zi, 
), Dodder seed (Tu Si Zi, 
), and Mulberry mistletoe (Sang Ji Sheng, 
).
(b)Constipation due to intestinal dryness. Fleeceflower root (He Shou Wu, 
) is used with Chinese Angelica root (Dang Gui, 
) and Hemp seed (Huo Ma Ren, 
).
(c)Chronic malaria due to weakness of the body. Fleeceflower root (He Shou Wu, 
) is used with Ginseng (Ren Shen, 
) and Chinese Angelica root (Dang Gui, 
).
(d)Scrofula. Fleeceflower root (He Shou Wu, 
) is used with Prunella spike (Xia Ku Cao, 
) and Tendrilled fritillary bulb (Chuan Bei Mu, 
).
(e)Dosage: 10–30 g.
Cautions and Contraindications: This herb is contraindicated in cases with severe Phlegm-
damp or diarrhea.
(iv) White peony root (Bai Shao, 
)
Pharmaceutical Name: Radix Paeoniae alba
Part Used: Root
Properties: Bitter, sour, and slightly cold
Meridians: Liver and spleen
| Functions: | (a) | To nourish blood and consolidate Yin; |
| (b) | To pacify the liver and stop pain; | |
| (c) | To soothe liver-Yang. |
Applications:
(a)Deficiency of blood, manifested as irregular menstruation, dysmenorrheal, and uterine bleeding. White peony root (Bai Shao, 
) is used with Chinese Angelica root (Dang Gui, 
), prepared Rehmannia root (Shu Di Huang, 
), and Chuan Xiong rhizome (Chuan Xiong, 
).
(b)Deficient blood and Yin allowing Yang to float to the surface, manifested as night sweats and spontaneous sweating. White peony root (Bai Shao, 
) is used with Dragon bone (Long Gu, 
), Oyster shell (Mu Li, 
), and Light wheat (Fu Xiao Mai, 
).
(c)Weakness of the body due to invasion of exogenous pathogenic wind and cold, manifested as spontaneous sweating and aversion to wind. White peony root (Bai Shao, 
) is used with Cinnamon twigs (Gui Zhi, 
).
(d)Liver-Qi stagnation, manifested as hypochondriac pain, breast distension, and irregular menstruation. White peony root (Bai Shao, 
) is used with Bupleurum root (Chai Hu, 
) and Chinese Angelica root (Dang Gui, 
).
(e)Muscle spasms and pain in the hands and feet or abdominal pain. White peony root (Bai Shao, 
) is used with Licorice root (Gan Cao, 
).
(f)Abdominal pain and tenesmus in dysentery. White peony root (Bai Shao, 
) is used with Coptis root (Huang Lian, 
), Costus root (Mu Xiang, 
), and Bitter orange (Zhi Qiao, 
).
(g)Headache and dizziness caused by hyperactivity of liver-Yang. White peony root (Bai Shao, 
) is used with Cyathula root (Niu Xi, 
), Uncaria stem (Gou Teng, 
), and Chrysanthemum flower (Ju Hua, 
).
(h)Dosage: 5–15 g.
Cautions and Contraindications: This herb is contraindicated in cases with cold or deficiency of Yang syndromes. It counteracts the herb Black false hellebore (Li Lu, 
).
(v) Donkey hide gelatin (E Jiao, 
)
Pharmaceutical Name: Colla Corii Asini
Part Used: Gel extracted from the hide of the donkey
Properties: Sweet and neutral
Meridians: Lung, liver, and kidney
| Functions: | (a) | To nourish blood; |
| (b) | To stop bleeding; | |
| (c) | To replenish Yin and moisten the lungs. |
Applications:
(a)Blood deficiency manifested as dizziness, blurred vision, and palpitations. Donkey hide gelatin (E Jiao, 
) is used with Ginseng (Ren Shen, 
), Chinese Angelica root (Dang Gui, 
), and prepared Rehmannia root (Shu Di Huang, 
).
(b)Hemorrhage manifested as vomiting with blood, epistaxis, bloody stools, excessive menstrual flow, bleeding during pregnancy and uterine bleeding. Donkey hide gelatin (E Jiao, 
) is used with Mugwort leaf (Ai Ye, 
), fresh Rehmannia root (Sheng Di Huang, 
), Cattail pollen (Pu Huang, 
), and Lotus node (Ou Jie, 
).
(c)Yin consumed by febrile disease, manifested as irritability and insomnia or spasms and trembling of the hands and feet. Donkey hide gelatin (E Jiao, 
) is used with Coptis root (Huang Lian, 
), White peony root (Bai Shao, 
), Uncaria stem (Gou Teng, 
), and Oyster shell (Mu Li, 
).
(d)Cough due to deficient Yin, manifested as cough with scanty sputum or cough with bloody sputum, dry mouth, irritability, and a thready rapid pulse. Donkey hide gelatin (E Jiao, 
) is used with Glehnia root (Sha Shen, 
), Ophiopogon root (Mai Dong, 
), Apricot seed (Xing Ren, 
), and Tendrilled fritillary bulb (Chuan Bei Mu, 
).
(e)Dosage: 5–15 g.
Cautions and Contraindications: This herb is contraindicated in cases with weakness of the spleen and stomach manifested as poor appetite and indigestion, or vomiting and diarrhea.
(vi) Longan aril (Long Yan Rou, 
)
Pharmaceutical Name: Arillus longan
Part Used: Fruit
Properties: Sweet and warm
Meridians: Heart and spleen
| Functions: | (a) | To nourish blood and tranquilize the mind; |
| (b) | To strengthen the spleen and replenish Qi. |
Application:
(a)Deficiency of Qi and blood manifested as palpitations, insomnia, and forgetfulness. Longan aril (Long Yan Rou, 
) is used with Ginseng (Ren Shen, 
), Astragalus root (Huang Qi, 
), Chinese angelica root (Dang Gui, 
), and Wild jujube seed (Suan Zao Ren, 
)
(b)Dosage: 10–25 g.
Cautions and Contraindications: This herb is contraindicated in cases of phlegm-fire or dampness in the middle Jiao (spleen and stomach)
Herbs That Tonify Yin
Herbs that tonify Yin are used mainly for deficient Yin syndromes, which occur at the later stage of febrile diseases or in chronic diseases. Deficient Yin syndromes most often affect the lungs, stomach, liver, and kidneys.
In deficient lung-Yin, common manifestations are dry cough, cough with scanty sputum or cough with blood, fever due to Yin deficiency, and dry mouth and tongue. In deficient stomach-Yin, the manifestations are a dark-red tongue with a peeled coating, dry throat, thirst, absence of hunger, and constipation. Deficient liver-Yin is manifested as dry eyes, blurred vision, dizziness, and vertigo. In deficient kidney-Yin, the manifestations include soreness and pain in the lower back and knees, a feverish sensation on the palms, soles and chest, irritability, insomnia, seminal emissions, and afternoon fever.
In treating these syndromes, herbs that tonify Yin can be used with herbs that clear heat where manifestations of deficient heat are present. When there is deficient Yin with excessive heat in the interior, herbs that clear heat due to Yin deficiency should be added to the combination of herbs. When there is deficient Yin with hyperactivity of Yang, herbs that subdue Yang should be added. In conditions where deficiency of Yin is complicated by deficiency of Qi, herbs that tonify Qi and herbs that tonify Yin should be combined.
In general, herbs that are cold or sweet in nature are contraindicated for a person with weakness of the spleen and stomach, internal blockage of phlegm and dampness, abdominal distension, or diarrhea.
(i) Glehnia root (Sha Shen, 
)
Pharmaceutical Name: Radix Glehniae
Part Used: Roots
Properties: Sweet and slightly cold
Meridians: Lung and stomach
| Functions: | (a) | To clear the lungs and tonify Yin; |
| (b) | To strengthen the stomach and promote the production of body fluids. |
Applications:
(a)Deficient Yin of the lungs with heat, manifested as dry cough or cough with scanty sputum, hoarse voice from a chronic cough, dry throat, and thirst. Glehnia root (Sha Shen,
) is used with Ophiopogon root (Mai Dong, 
) and Tendrilled fritillary bulb (Chuan Bei Mu, 
).
(b)Body fluids consumed by febrile disease, manifested as a dry tongue and poor appetite. Glehnia root (Sha Shen, 
) is used with Ophiopogon root (Mai Dong, 
), fresh Rehmannia root (Sheng Di Huang, 
), and Fragrant Solomonseal rhizome (Yu Zhu, 
).
(c)Dosage: 4.5–9 g.
Cautions and Contraindications: This herb is contraindicated in cases with deficient cold syndrome. Also, it counteracts the herb Black false hellebore (Li Lu, 
).
(ii) Ophiopogon root (Mai Dong, 
)
Pharmaceutical Name: Radix Ophiopogonis
Part Used: Tuberous root
Properties: Sweet, slightly bitter, and slightly cold
Meridians: Lung, heart, and stomach
| Functions: | (a) | To nourish Yin and moisten the lungs; |
| (b) | To strengthen the stomach and promote the production of body fluids; | |
| (c) | To clear heat in the heart and relieve irritability. |
Applications:
(a)Dryness and heat in the lungs due to deficiency of Yin, manifested as cough with scanty sticky sputum or cough with bloody sputum. Ophiopogon root (Mai Dong, 
) is used with Glehnia root (Sha Shen, 
), Asparagus root (Tian Men Dong, 
), Tendrilled fritillary bulb (Chuan Bei Mu, 
), and fresh Rehmannia root (Sheng Di Huang, 
).
(b)Deficient Yin of the stomach, manifested as a dry tongue and thirst. Ophiopogon root (Mai Dong, 
) is used with fragrant Solomonseal rhizome (Yu Zhu, 
), Glehnia root (Sha Shen, 
), and fresh Rehmannia root (Sheng Di Huang, 
).
(c)Irritability and insomnia: (1) invasion of the nutritive (Ying) system by pathogenic heat — Ophiopogon root (Mai Dong, 
) is used with fresh Rehmannia root (Sheng Di Huang, 
), Bamboo leaf (Zhu Ye, 
) and Coptis root (Huang Lian, 
) in the formula Qingying Tang; (2) Heart-Yin deficiency with internal heat causing insomnia. — Ophiopogon root (Mai Dong, 
) is used with Fresh Rehmannia root (Sheng Di Huang, 
) and wild jujube seed (Suan Zao Ren, 
).
(d)Constipation caused by intestinal dryness. Ophiopogon root (Mai Dong, 
) is used with fresh Rehmannia root (Sheng Di Huang, 
) and Scrophularia (Xuan Shen, 
).
(e)Dosage: 6–12 g.
Cautions and Contraindications: This herb is contraindicated in cases with cough due to the wind-cold type of common cold, with the presence of phlegm fluid and turbid dampness, and with diarrhea due to deficiency, and cold in the spleen and stomach.
(iii) Dendrobium (Shi Hu, 
)
Pharmaceutical Name: Herba Dendrobii
Part Used: Stem
Properties: Sweet and slightly cold
Meridians: Lung and kidney
| Functions: | (a) | To tonify Yin and clear heat; |
| (b) | To promote the production of body fluids and nourish the stomach. |
Applications:
(a)Yin consumed by febrile disease or deficient Yin in the stomach, manifested as a dry tongue, thirst, and a red tongue proper with a scanty coating. Dendrobium (Shi Hu, 
) is used with Ophiopogon root (Mai Dong, 
), Glehnia root (Sha Shen, 
), and fresh Rehmannia root (Sheng Di Huang, 
).
(b)Afternoon fever caused by deficient Yin and internal heat. Dendrobium (Shi Hu, 
) is used with fresh Rehmannia root (Sheng Di Huang, 
), Swallowwort root (Bai Wei, 
), and Asparagus root (Tian Men Dong, 
).
(c)Dosage: 6–12 g.
Cautions and Contraindications: This herb should be cooked first, before other herbs are added to the decoction. It is contraindicated for a person in the early stage of febrile disease.
(iv) Fragrant Solomonseal rhizome (Yu Zhu, 
)
Pharmaceutical Name: Rhizoma Polygonati odorati
Part Used: Rhizome
Properties: Sweet and neutral
Meridians: Lung and stomach
| Functions: | (a) | To nourish Yin and moisten the lungs; |
| (b) | To promote the production of body fluids and strengthen the stomach. |
Application:
(a)Dry cough due to Lung-Yin deficiency, or thirst and intense hunger due to Stomach-Yin deficiency. Fragrant Solomonseal rhizome (Yu Zhu, 
) is used with Glehnia root (Sha Shen, 
), Ophiopogon root (Mai Dong, 
), and Asparagus root (Tian Men Dong, 
).
(b)Dosage: 6–12 g.
Cautions and Contraindications: This herb is contraindicated in cases with a deficient spleen or Phlegm-damp.
(v) Siberian Solomonseal (Huang Jing, 
)
Pharmaceutical Name: Rhizome Polygonati
Part Used: Rhizome
Properties: Sweet and neutral
Meridians: Spleen, lung, and kidney
| Functions: | (a) | To nourish Yin and moisten the lungs; |
| (b) | To tonify the spleen and promote Qi. |
Applications:
(a)Cough due to lung-Yin deficiency. Siberian Solomonseal (Huang Jing, 
) is used with Glehnia root (Sha Shen, 
), Tendrilled fritillary bulb (Chuan Bei Mu, 
), and Anemarrhena rhizome (Zhi Mu, 
).
(b)Kidney-Essence deficiency, manifested as soreness in the lower back, dizziness, and heat in the feet. Siberian Solomonseal (Huang Jing, 
) is used with Wolfberry fruit (Gou Qi Zi, 
) and Glossy privet fruit (Nu Zhen Zi, 
).
(c)Deficient Qi of the spleen and stomach, manifested as lassitude, poor appetite and a weak forceless pulse. Siberian Solomonseal (Huang Jing, 
) is used with Pilose Asiabell root (Dang Shen, 
) and White Atractylodes (Bai Zhu, 
).
(d)Deficient Yin of the spleen and stomach, manifested as poor appetite, dry mouth, constipation, and a red tongue proper with no coating. Siberian Solomonseal (Huang Jing, 
) is used with Glehnia root (Sha Shen, 
), Ophiopogon root (Mai Dong, 
), and Germinated millet (Gu Ya, 
).
(e)Diabetes. Siberian Solomonseal (Huang Jing, 
) is used with Astragalus root (Huang Qi, 
), Trichosanthes root (Tian Hua Fen, 
), Ophiopogon root (Mai Dong, 
), and fresh Rehmannia root (Sheng Di Huang, 
).
(f)Dosage: 9–15 g.
Cautions and Contraindications: This herb is contraindicated in cases of a deficient spleen with dampness or cough with profuse sputum, or diarrhea due to cold in the spleen and stomach.
(vi) Lily bulb (Bai He, 
)
Pharmaceutical Name: Bulbus Lilii
Part Used: Bulb
Properties: Sweet and slightly cold
Meridians: Lung and heart
| Functions: | (a) | To moisten the lungs and stop cough; |
| (b) | To clear heat in the heart and calm the mind. |
Applications:
(a)Deficient lung-Yin with excessive fire, manifested as cough and hemoptysis. Lily bulb (Bai He, 
) is used with Scrophularia (Xuan Shen, 
), Tendrilled fritillary bulb (Chuan Bei Mu, 
), and fresh Rehmannia root (Sheng Di Huang, 
).
(b)Later-stage febrile disease with residual heat, manifested as irritability, palpitations, insomnia, and dreamful sleep. Lily bulb (Bai He, 
) is used with Anemarrhena rhizome (Zhi Mu, 
) and fresh Rehmannia root (Sheng Di Huang, 
).
(c)Dosage: 6–12 g.
Cautions and Contraindications: This herb is contraindicated in cases of cough due to invasion of wind-cold or diarrhea due to cold in the spleen and stomach.
(vii) Wolfberry fruit (Gou Qi Zi, 
)
Pharmaceutical Name: Fructus Lycii
Part Used: Fruit
Properties: Sweet and neutral
Meridians: Liver, kidney, and lung
| Functions: | (a) | To tonify the kidneys and promote the production of essence; |
| (b) | To nourish the liver and brighten the eyes; | |
| (c) | To moisten the lungs. |
Applications:
(a)Deficient Yin of the liver and kidneys, manifested as dizziness, blurred vision, and decreased eyesight. Wolfberry fruit (Gou Qi Zi, 
) is used with Chrysanthemum flower (Ju Hua, 
) and prepared Rehmannia root (Shu Di Huang, 
).
(b)Deficient Yin of the liver and kidneys, manifested as soreness of the lower back and knees, and nocturnal emissions. Wolfberry fruit (Gou Qi Zi, 
) is used with prepared Rehmannia root (Shu Di Huang, 
) and Asparagus root (Tian Men Dong, 
)
(c)Deficient Yin of the lungs, manifested as cough. Wolfberry fruit (Gou Qi Zi, 
) is used with Ophiopogon root (Mai Dong, 
), Anemarrhena rhizome (Zhi Mu, 
), and Tendrilled fritillary bulb (Chuan Bei Mu, 
).
(d)Dosage: 6–12 g.
Cautions and Contraindications: This herb is contraindicated in cases of diarrhea due to deficient spleen.
(viii) Glossy privet fruit (Nu Zhen Zi, 
)
Pharmaceutical Name: Fructus Ligustri lucidi
Part Used: Fruit
Properties: Sweet, bitter, and cool
Meridians: Liver and kidney
| Functions: | (a) | To tonify the liver and kidneys; |
| (b) | To clear heat and brighten the eyes. |
Applications:
(a)Deficient Yin of the liver and kidneys, manifested as early graying of hair, decreased eyesight, dryness of the eyes, tinnitus and soreness and weakness of the lower back and knees. Glossy privet fruit (Nu Zhen Zi, 
) is used with Mulberry (Sang Shen, 
), Eclipta (Mo Han Lian, 
), and Wolfberry fruit (Gou Qi Zi, 
).
(b)Deficient Yin and heat. Glossy privet fruit (Nu Zhen Zi, 
) is used with Wolfberry bark (Di Gu Pi, 
), Moutan bark (Mu Dan Pi, 
), and fresh Rehmannia root (Sheng Di Huang, 
).
(c)Dosage: 6–12 g.
Cautions and Contraindications: This herb is contraindicated in cases with diarrhea due to
cold and deficiency of the spleen and stomach, or Yang deficiency.
(ix) Tortoise plastron (Gui Ban, 
)
Pharmaceutical Name: Plastrum Testudinis
Part Used: Plastron of the freshwater tortoise
Properties: Sweet, salty, and cold
Meridians: Liver, kidney, and heart
| Functions: | (a) | To nourish Yin and subdue Yang; |
| (b) | To tonify the kidneys and strengthen the bones. |
Applications:
(a)Hyperactivity of liver-Yang due to deficient Yin of the liver and kidneys, manifested as dizziness, distension and pain in the head, and blurred vision. Tortoise plastron (Gui Ban, 
) is used with White peony root (Bai Shao, 
), Cyathula root (Niu Xi, 
), Sea-ear shell (Shi Jue Ming, 
), and Uncaria stem (Gou Teng, 
).
(b)Consumption of Yin by febrile disease leading to malnutrition of the tendons and muscles, manifested as spasms and convulsions of the hands and feet. Tortoise plastron (Gui Ban, 
) is used with Donkey hide gelatin (E Jiao, 
), fresh Rehmannia root (Sheng Di Huang, 
), and Oyster shell (Mu Li, 
).
(c)Deficient Yin of the liver and kidney, manifested as soreness and weakness of the lower back and knees, and fragile bones and tendons. Tortoise plastron (Gui Ban, 
) is used with Cyathula root (Niu Xi, 
), Dragon bone (Long Gu, 
), and prepared Rehmannia root (Shu Di Huang, 
).
(d)Deficient Yin and excessive fire, manifested as afternoon fever, cough with blood, night sweats, and seminal emissions. Tortoise plastron (Gui Ban, 
) is used with prepared Rehmannia root (Shu Di Huang, 
).
(e)Derangement of the mind by deficient Yin and blood, manifested as insomnia, forgetfulness, palpitations, and fright. Tortoise plastron (Gui Ban, 
) is used with Dragons bone (Long Gu, 
), Grass-leaved sweetflag (Shi Chang Pu, 
), and Polygala root (Yuan Zhi, 
).
(f)Deficient Yin and heat in the blood, manifested as excessive menstruation and uterine bleeding. Tortoise plastron (Gui Ban, 
) is used with fresh Rehmannia root (Sheng Di Huang, 
) and Eclipta (Mo Han Lian, 
).
(g)Dosage: 6–12 g.
Cautions and Contraindications: This herb should be used with caution during pregnancy.
(x) Turtle shell (Bie Jia, 
)
Pharmaceutical Name: Carapax Trionycis
Part Used: Shell of the turtle
Properties: Salty and cold
Meridian: Liver
| Functions: | (a) | To nourish Yin and subdue Yang; |
| (b) | To soften hardness and disperse nodules. |
Applications:
(a)Internal stirring of endogenous wind following the later stage of febrile disease in which Yin and body fluids are consumed or tendons and muscles are not nourished, manifested as trembling fingers, spasms and convulsions, a thready rapid pulse, and a dry tongue proper with a scanty coating. Turtle shell (Bie Jia, 
) is used with Oyster shell (Mu Li, 
), fresh Rehmannia root (Sheng Di Huang, 
), Donkey hide gelatin (E Jiao, 
) and White peony root (Bai Shao, 
).
(b)Deficient Yin with fever includes two types, One is deficient Yin and body fluids at the later stage of febrile disease, manifested as a fever with no sweating which occurs at night and subsides in the morning, and a red tongue with a scanty coating, Turtle shell (Bie Jia, 
) is used with Sweet wormwood (Qing Hao, 
) and Moutan bark (Mu Dan Pi, 
). The other is deficient Yin with internal heat, manifested as afternoon fever and night sweats. Turtle shell (Bie Jia, 
) is used with Stellaria root (Yin Chai Hu, 
) and Wolfberry bark (Di Gu Pi, 
).
(c)Chronic malaria with amenorrhea, manifested as hypochondriac pain and hard palpable masses in the epigastric and abdominal regions. Turtle shell (Bie Jia, 
) is used with Burreed tuber (San Leng, 
), Zedoary (E Zhu, 
), Moutan bark (Mu Dan Pi, 
), and Rhubarb (Da Huang, 
)
(d)Dosage: 9–24 g.
Cautions and Contraindications: This herb is contraindicated in cases of deficiency and cold in the spleen and stomach with poor appetite and diarrhea, and during pregnancy.
Tonic Prescriptions
Tonic Prescriptions are those composed chiefly of tonic herbs, which nourish and strengthen Qi, blood, Yin, and Yang. They are indicated for various deficiency syndromes. Since deficiency syndromes comprise four types, namely Qi, blood, Yin, and Yang deficiency, and as the first two types are often concomitant with each other, tonic prescriptions are accordingly subdivided into five categories:
(1)Prescriptions for invigorating Qi: These tonics benefit Qi and invigorate deficient states, and are applicable to Qi deficiency of the spleen and lung.
(2)Prescriptions for invigorating blood: They comprise herbs that nourish blood and invigorate deficient states, and are suitable for blood deficiency of the heart and liver.
(3)Prescriptions for invigorating both Qi and blood: They consist of herbs with the effect of benefiting Qi and nourishing blood and are applied to deficiency syndromes of both Qi and blood.
(4)Prescriptions for invigorating Yin: They are mainly composed of herbs that nourish Yin and benefit essence, and are used to treat Yin deficiency of the liver, kidney, and lung.
(5)Prescriptions for invigorating Yang: They are mainly composed of herbs which are capable of warming and reinforcing kidney-Yang, and are used to treat Yang deficiency of the kidney.
Tonic Prescriptions should not be applied for extended periods of time, because they are generally quite strong and greasy and apt to affect the stomach. In addition, they should be used with caution in cases of spleen and stomach deficiency, or poor appetite and loose stools. In such cases, it is necessary to add herbs which strengthen the spleen and stomach and regulate Qi to promote transportation and transformation. For patients with deficiency syndromes who are intolerant of tonics, it is advisable to regulate the spleen and stomach before administering tonic prescriptions. These Prescriptions should be decocted for longer periods over lower heat and taken before meals or on an empty stomach to promote the absorption of the herbs.
Prescriptions for Invigorating Qi (补气剂)
(i) Sijunzi Tang (
)
(Four Noble Compositions Decoction)
| Composition: | Ginseng (Ren Shen,  ) |
10 g |
Poria (Fu Ling,  ) |
9 g | |
White Atractylodes (Bai Zhu,  ) |
9 g | |
Baked licorice (Zhi Gan Cao,  ) |
6 g |
Administration: Decoct the above herbs in water for drinking.
Functions: To tonify Qi and strengthen the spleen.
Indications: The syndrome of deficient Qi in the spleen and stomach leads to insufficient digestion of cereal essence caused by the dysfunction of transformation and transportation, an appearance with a pale yellow complexion, a low weak voice, shortness of breath and lassitude, poor appetite, loose stools, a pale tongue with a whitish coating, and a soft weak pulse.
Formula Analysis: This is the commonly used formula for Qi deficiency of the spleen and stomach, with disorders of transportation and transformation. It should be treated by replenishing Qi, strengthening the spleen, and tonifying the middle Jiao. Ren Shen 
with sweet and slightly bitter properties acts as the chief herb, possesses the effect of invigorating Qi, strengthening the spleen, and nourishing the stomach. Bai Zhu 
with sweet and warm properties is used as the assistant herb to effectively invigorate the spleen and eliminate dampness. Fu Ling serves as the adjuvant herb to promote the effective performance of Bai Zhu 
. Zhi Gan Cao 
guides herbs to invigorate Qi, reinforce the middle Jiao, and harmonize other herbs.
Applications in Bio-medicine: Chronic gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers, and stomach and intestinal disorders which have the above symptoms and pertain to Qi deficiency of the spleen and stomach.
Modifications:
(a)In cases of Qi stagnation manifested by a stifling sensation and fullness in the chest and epigastric region, add Tangerine peel (Chen Pi, 
). This formula is known as Yigong San.
(b)For cough with profuse white dilute sputum, add Tangerine peel (Chen Pi, 
) and Pinellia tuber (Ban Xia, 
), which constitute another formula, called Liujunzi Tang.
(c)For distension and fullness in the epigastric and abdominal regions, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain with cold dampness, add Costus root (Mu Xiang, 
), Amomum fruit (Sha Ren, 
), Tangerine peel (Chen Pi, 
), and Pinellia tuber (Ban Xia, 
). This new formula is named Xiangsha Liujunzi Tang.
(d)In cases of deficiency of Qi and blood, add Chinese Angelica root (Dang Gui, 
), White peony root (Bai Shao, 
), prepared Rehmannia root (Shu Di Huang, 
), and Chuan Xiong rhizome (Chuan Xiong, 
). This formula is called Bazhen Tang.
(e)For weakness of the spleen and excessive dampness, manifested by vomiting, diarrhea, and poor appetite, add Astragalus root (Huang Qi, 
) and Hyacinth bean (Biandou, 
).
(ii) Buzhong Yiqi Tang(
)
(Middle-tonifying and Qi-Replenishing Decoction)
| Composition: | Astragalus root (Huang Qi,  ) |
15–20 g |
Licorice (Gan Cao,  ) |
5 g | |
Ginseng (Ren Shen,  ) |
10 g | |
Chinese Angelica root (Dang Gui,  ) |
10 g | |
Tangerine peel (Chen Pi,  ) |
6 g | |
Cimicifuga (Sheng Ma,  ) |
3 g | |
Bupleurum root (Chai Hu,  ) |
3 g | |
White Atractylodes (Bai Zhu,  ) |
10 g |
Administration: Decoct the above herbs in water for drinking.
| Functions: | (a) | To reinforce the middle Jiao and tonify Qi; |
| (b) | To uplift the spleen-Yang so as to improve the functional activities of Qi and Viscera. |
Indications: Syndromes of deficient spleen-Qi and stomach-Qi and prolapse of viscera due to sinking of spleen-Yang, manifested as poor appetite, lassitude, loose stools, fever with spontaneous sweating, thirst with a desire for hot drinks, gastroptosis or prolapse of the rectum or uterus, chronic diarrhea and dysentery, metrorrhagia and metrostaxis, a pale large tongue with a thin whitish coating, and a weak pulse.
Formula Analysis: This is the representative formula for the syndrome resulting from Qi deficiency of the spleen and stomach. It can cause Yang to fail to ascend or may lead to prolapse of the middle Jiao Qi. The syndrome should be treated by means of supplementing stomach-Qi and elevating spleen-Yang. As the chief herb, Huang Qi 
(in a notably large dosage) with sweet and slightly warm properties reinforces Qi of the middle Jiao and lifts spleen-Yang, linking up the internal and external to strengthen the superficial resistance. Ren Shen 
, Bai Zhu 
, and Gan Cao 
are used as assistant herbs to replenish Qi and invigorate the spleen so as to assist the effort of Huang Qi 
to reinforce the middle Jiao and benefit Qi. Dang Gui 
with sweet and pungent properties helps Ren Shen 
and Huang Qi 
to invigorate Qi and nourish blood, while Chen Pi 
awakes the spleen, harmonizes the stomach, and regulates Qi, and supports the tonic effect of the other herbs while eliminating the side effect of stagnancy. Both serve as adjuvant herbs. The small amounts of Sheng Ma 
and Chai Hu 
elevate the guiding herbs and elevate the collapsed stomach-Qi and spleen-Qi in the middle Jiao.
Applications in Bio-medicine: Prolapse of viscera, anemia, chronic gastritis, chronic hepatitis, chronic enteritis and the common cold in patients with weak constitutions, long-term low fever of unknown origin, hypermenorrhea, and chyluria, which pertain to Qi collapse due to deficiency of the middle Jiao.
Modifications:
(a)For collapse of viscera due to sinking of Qi in the middle Jiao, add Bitter orange (Zhi Qiao, 
).
(b)For hypermenorrhea, add Agrimony (Xian He Cao, 
) and Cuttlefish bone (Hai Piao Xiao, 
).
(iii) Shengmai San 
(Pulse-Reinforcing Powder)
| Composition: | Ginseng (Ren Shen,  ) |
10 g |
Schisandra fruit (Wu Wei Zi,  ) |
6 g | |
Ophiopogon root (Mai Dong,  ) |
15 g |
Administration: Decoct the above herbs in water for drinking.
| Functions: | (a) | To tonify Qi and promote the production of body fluids; |
| (b) | To astringe Yin and stop sweating. |
Indications: Deficiency syndromes of Qi and body fluid caused by profuse sweating due to summer-heat, manifested as debility, lassitude, shortness of breath, mental fatigue, dry throat and thirst, or chronic dry cough with small amounts of sticky sputum, a dry reddened tongue with little coating, and a feeble rapid pulse.
Formula Analysis: This is the commonly used formula for the impairment of both Qi and body fluid by warm heat and summer-heat, or impairment of Qi and Yin due to injury of the lung by chronic cough. All the disorders should be treated by means of invigorating Qi and nourishing Yin, and concurrently stopping sweating and relieving cough. Ren Shen 
with sweet and slightly properties acts as the chief herb to replenish Qi and promote the production of body fluid for invigorating the lung. Mai Dong 
with sweet and cold properties is used as the assistant herb to nourish Yin and clear heat for moistening the lung, clear the heart, and relieve anxiousness; together with Ren Shen 
it can promote the generation of Qi and body fluid. Wu Wei Zi 
with sour and warm properties acts as the adjuvant herb. It not only astringes Yin and stops sweating, but also astringes the lung-Yin to relieve cough. With their tonic, moist, and astringent effects, respectively, the three compositions are used together to have tonifying, clearing, and astringing effects. They achieve the results of invigorating Qi and nourishing Yin, preserving Yin to stop sweat, moistening the lung to stop cough, and promoting the production of body fluids to quench thirst.
Applications in Bio-medicine: Coma, cardiac failure, neurasthenia, arrhythmia, chronic bronchitis, and tuberculosis, which have as their chief symptoms lassitude, shortness of breath, dry throat, and a reddened tongue. They pertain to deficiency of both Qi and Yin.
Modifications:
(a)For severe damage of Yin and body fluids, manifested as mild heat, add Scrophularia (Xuan Shen, 
) and Fresh Rehmannia root (Sheng Di Huang, 
).
(b)For prolonged cough, add Stemona root (Bai Bu, 
).
(c)For palpitations and insomnia, add Wild jujube seed (Suan Zao Ren, 
), Dragon bone (Long Gu, 
), and Oyster shell (Mu Li, 
).
(d)In cases of Qi and Yin deficiency with heat, replace Ren Shen 
with American ginseng (Xi Yang Shen, 
).
Cautions: The formula is contraindicated for cases with unrestrained heat or for those with cough and profuse sputum.
Prescriptions for Invigorating Blood （补血剂）
(i) Siwu Tang 
(Four-Ingredient Decoction)
| Composition: | Prepared Rehmannia root (Shu Di Huang,  ) |
12 g |
Chinese Angelica root (Dang Gui,  ) |
10 g | |
Chuan Xiong rhizome (Chuan Xiong,  ) |
8 g | |
White peony root (Bai Shao,  ) |
12 g |
Administration: Decoct the above herbs in water for drinking.
Functions: To nourish and regulate blood.
Indications: Syndromes of blood deficiency complicated by blood stasis, manifested as palpitations, insomnia, dizziness, blurring of vision, a pale complexion, or menstrual disorders, scanty menstruation, or anemia with vague pains in the lower abdomen, a pale tongue, and a thready pulse.
Formula Analysis: This is the commonly used formula for deficiency of nutrient Qi and blood, and obstructed blood circulation. All the disorders should be treated by means of nourishing and regulating blood. Shu Di Huang 
with sweet and warm properties is capable of nourishing kidney-Yin and liver-blood, and is used as the chief herb. Dang Gui 
with sweet and warm properties acts as the assistant herb for regulating menstruation of women, and it has the functions of promoting blood circulation, tonifying blood, and regulating menstruation to alleviate pain. Acting as the adjuvant herb, Bai Shao 
nourishes liver-blood and kidney-Yin, and harmonizes the Qi to nourish the liver, or it can assist Shu Di Huang 
in regulating and tonifying the liver and kidney. Chuan Xiong 
, being pungent and warm in its properties, is for regulating Qi to activate blood, and promote the circulation of Qi and blood to relieve stagnation and pain. In the formula, Shu Di Huang 
and Bai Shao 
nourish blood, while Dang Gui 
and Chuan Xiong 
nourish and regulate blood. The combination is warm without drying, and is tonified without sticking, while it aims to nourish blood without the side effect of stagnation, and to promote blood circulation without impairing it. Therefore, it also has the function of regulating menstruation.
Applications in Bio-medicine: Irregular menstruation, anemia, chronic dermatosis, chronic eczema, urticaria, orthopedic and traumatic diseases, allergic purpura, and nervous headache, which pertain to deficiency and stagnation of nutrient Qi and blood.
Modifications:
(a)For severe stagnant blood manifested as abdominal pain, add Peach seed (Tao Ren, 
) and Safflower (Hong Hua, 
).
(b)In the case of Qi stagnation manifested as abdominal distension, add Cyperus tuber (Xiang Fu, 
) and Lindera root (Wu Yao, 
).
(c)If concomitant with Qi deficiency manifested as shortness of breath and lassitude, add Ginseng (Ren Shen, 
) and Astragalus root (Huang Qi, 
).
(d)For uterine bleeding due to threatened abortion, add Donkey hide gelatin (E Jiao, 
) and Mugwort leaf (Ai Ye, 
).
(e)In case of serious cold manifestations, add Cinnamon bark (Rou Gui, 
) and Baked ginger (Pao Jiang, 
).
(ii) Danggui Buxue Tang 
(Decoction with Chinese Angelica Combination to Tonify Blood)
| Composition: | Astragalus root (Huang Qi,  ) |
30 g |
Chinese Angelica root (Dang Gui,  ) |
6 g |
Administration: Decoct the above herbs in water for drinking.
Function: To tonify Qi and promote the production of blood.
Indications: Syndromes of internal injury due to over-exertion, marked by a feverish body and a flushed face, extreme thirst with a desire for drink, and a large but weak pulse detected under pressure.
Formula Analysis: This is the commonly used formula for Qi and blood deficiency, manifested as floating Yang due to blood deficiency, and by Yin failing to properly check Yang, which should be treated by replenishing Qi and promoting blood production. Huang Qi 
with sweet and slightly warm properlies, used as the chief herb, in quite a large dosage, is capable of invigorating spleen-Qi and lung-Qi, protecting the surface of the human body so as to prevent Qi collapse, consolidating the superficial resistance to astringe the floating Yang, and enriching the source of blood. Dang Gui 
with sweet and warm properties acts as the assistant herb for nourishing the blood and harmonizing the nutrient Qi to make Qi attach to the blood. When Qi is rich, the blood will germinate. Combined together, the two herbs promote the generation of Yang and the growth of Yin, while supporting the proliferation of Qi and the generation of blood.
Applications in Bio-medicine: Anemia, uterine bleeding, post-partum bleeding and fever, and lingering unhealed carbuncles and ulcers, which pertain to deficiency of blood and Qi.
Cautions: This formula is contraindicated for patients with Yin deficiency manifested as hectic fever.
Prescriptions for Invigorating both Qi and Blood （气血补血剂）
(i) Guipi Tang 
(Returning to the Spleen Decoction)
| Composition: | White Atractylodes (Bai Zhu,  ) |
30 g |
Poria (Fu Ling,  ) |
30 g | |
Astragalus root (Huang Qi,  ) |
30 g | |
Longan aril (Long Yan Rou,  ) |
30 g | |
Wild jujube seed (Suan Zao Ren,  ) |
30 g | |
Ginseng (Ren Shen,  ) |
15 g | |
Costus root (Mu Xiang,  ) |
15 g | |
Baked licorice (Zhi Gan Cao,  ) |
8 g | |
Chinese Angelica root (Dang Gui,  ) |
3 g | |
Polygala root (Yuan Zhi,  ) |
3 g |
Administration: Grind the above herbs into crude granules, and decoct 12 g each time together with 6 g of Fresh ginger (Sheng Jiang, 
) and three pieces of Jujube (Da Zao, 
) in water for drinking.
| Functions: | (a) | To tonify Qi and nourish blood; |
| (b) | To invigorate the spleen and heart. |
Indications: Weakness of both spleen and heart due to deficiency of Qi and blood from fatigue or over-thinking, and syndromes of failure of the spleen to control the blood, marked by (severe) palpitations, amnesia, insomnia, poor appetite and lassitude, a sallow complexion, or metrorrhagia, hemafecia, short menstrual cycles with increased blood volume of light color, or dribbling menstruation, a pale tongue with a thin whitish coating, and a thready weak pulse.
Formula Analysis: This is the commonly used formula for impairment of the heart blood and spleen-Qi due to excessive contemplation, which leads to Qi and blood deficiency. Deficiency of the heart blood is unable to nourish the heart, leading to the failure of the heart to store spirit. Qi deficiency of the spleen leads to transportation dysfunction. All the disorders should be treated by means of replenishing Qi and invigorating the spleen to control the blood, enriching the blood and nourishing the heart to store the spirit. In this formula, Huang Qi 
and Long Yan Rou 
both play the role of chief herb. Huang Qi 
with sweet and slightly warm properties replenishes Qi and invigorates the spleen, while Long Yan Rou 
with sweet and warm properties nourishes the blood and tranquilizes the mind; both herbs nourish Qi and blood simultaneously. Ren Shen 
, Bai Zhu 
, and Dang Gui 
function as the assistant herbs to enhance the effects of the chief herbs. Acting as the adjuvant herbs, Fu Ling 
, Suan Zao Ren 
, and Yuan Zhi 
tranquilize the mind, while Mu Xiang 
regulates Qi and stimulates the spleen; this means nourishing the blood without stagnation. Zhi Gan Cao 
is used as the guiding herb to mediate the properties of the other herbs, supplement Qi, invigorate both the spleen and the heart, and regulate the middle Jiao. Sheng Jiang 
and Da Zao 
are meant to regulate the spleen and stomach.
Applications in Bio-medicine: Irregular menstruation, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, anemia, and neurasthenia, all of which pertain to deficiency of both the spleen and the heart or failure of the spleen to control blood.
Modifications:
(a)In cases of soreness and weakness in the lumbar region and knees, add Mulberry mistletoe (Sang Ji Sheng, 
), Wolfberry fruit (Gou Qi Zi, 
), and Fleeceflower root (He Shou Wu, 
).
(b)For indigestion and epigastric and abdominal distension and fullness, add Medicated leaven (Shen Qu, 
), Germinated barley (Mai Ya, 
), and Hawthorn fruit (Shan Zha, 
).
(c)For prolonged bleeding, add Donkey hide gelatin (E Jiao, 
), Mugwort leaf (Ai Ye, 
), and Deer antler gelatin (Lu Jiao Jiao, 
).
(d)For edema, add Coix seed (Yi Yi Ren, 
) and Alismatis rhizome (Ze Xie, 
).
(ii) Bazhen Tang 
(Decoction of Eight Treasures Ingredients)
| Composition: | Chinese Angelica root (Dang Gui, ) |
10 g |
Chuan Xiong rhizome (Chuan Xiong,  ) |
5 g | |
White peony root (Bai Shao,  ) |
8 g | |
Prepared Rehmannia root (Shu Di Huang,  ) |
15 g | |
Baked licorice (Zhi Gan Cao,  ) |
5 g | |
Ginseng (Ren Shen,  ) |
3 g | |
White Atractylodes (Bai Zhu,  ) |
10 g | |
Poria (Fu Ling,  ) |
8 g |
Administration: Three slices of Fresh ginger (Sheng Jiang, 
) and two pieces of Jujube (Da Zao, 
) are added to the above composition and decocted in water for drinking.
Functions: To tonify Qi and blood.
Indications: Deficiency syndromes of both Qi and blood manifest as a pale or sallow complexion, dizziness, lassitude of extremities, shortness of breath, being too tired to talk, poor appetite, a pale tongue with a thin whitish coating, and a thready weak pulse.
Formula Analysis: This formula is commonly used for chronic diseases, disorders following disease, or excessive hemorrhage and insufficiency of Qi and blood. All the disorders should be treated by means of nourishing Qi and blood. Acting as the chief herbs, Ren Shen 
with sweet and bitter properties tonifies the Qi and strengthens the spleen and Shu Di Huang 
with sweet and slightly warm properties enriches blood and nourishes the liver. Bai Zhu 
, Fu Ling 
, Dang Gui 
, and Bai Shao 
act as the assistant herbs to augment the effect of the chief herbs. Chuan Xiong 
with pungent and warm properties is used as the adjuvant herb to promote Qi and blood circulation. Zhi Gan Cao 
serves as the guiding herb to regulate the middle Jiao and mediate the properties of the other herbs. Sheng Jiang 
and Da Zao 
, added while decocting the herbs, are meant to regulate the spleen and stomach to generate Qi and blood.
Applications in Bio-medicine: Anemia, malnutrition, irregular menstruation, neurasthenia, and deficiency syndromes of Qi and blood as seen after serious diseases with the following chief manifestations of shortness of breath, weakness, dizziness, a pale tongue, and a thready pulse.
Modifications:
(a)For irregular menstruation, add Motherwort (Yi Mu Cao, 
).
(c)For severe Qi deficiency, add Astragalus root (Huang Qi, 
) and Cinnamon bark (Rou Gui, 
).
(c)In cases of threatened abortion due to Qi and blood deficiency and dysfunction of the Chong and Ren Meridians, replace Fu Ling with Astragalus root (Huang Qi, 
), Himalayan teasel root (Xu Duan, 
), Scutellaria root (Huang Qin, 
), and Amomum fruit (Sha Ren, 
).
(iii) Zhi Gancao Tang 
(Prepared Licorice Decoction)
| Composition: | Baked licorice (Zhi Gan Cao,  ) |
12 g |
Fresh ginger (Sheng Jiang,  ) |
9 g | |
Ginseng (Ren Shen,  ) |
6 g | |
Fresh Rehmannia root (Sheng Di Huang,  ) |
30 g | |
Cannabis seed (Ma Zi Ren,  ) |
10 g | |
Cinnamon twigs (Gui Zhi,  ) |
9 g | |
Donkey hide gelatin (E Jiao,  ) |
9 g | |
Ophiopogon Root (Mai Dong,  ) |
10 g | |
Jujube (Da Zao,  ) |
5–10 pcs |
Administration: Decoct all the herbs except for E Jiao 
. Remove any residue, and then add 10 ml rice wine to the decoction. E Jiao 
is stewed separately until it melts, and then divided into two portions; mix one portion well with half the decoction for drinking.
| Functions: | (a) | To tonify Qi so as to enrich blood; |
| (b) | To nourish Yin so as to restore the pulse. |
Indications: Deficiency of both Yin-blood and Yang-Qi, marked by an intermittent pulse, palpitations, lassitude, shortness of breath, a dry reddened tongue with little coating; or deficient Qi and Yin due to chronic cough, manifested as night sweats, dry mouth and throat, and a feeble rapid pulse.
Formula Analysis: This is the commonly used formula for the syndrome of Yin-blood deficiency of the meridians and deficiency of Yang-Qi and blood. Weakness of Yin-blood is unable to propel circulation of the blood. Deficiency of the Yin fails to nourish the heart. All the disorders should be treated by means of nourishing Yin and replenishing blood, tonifying the Qi, and warming Yang. With larger dosages, Zhi Gan Cao 
acts to tonify Qi and generate blood, nourish the heart and strengthen the spleen, and Sheng Di Huang 
nourishes Yin and blood, replenishes the heart, and enriches the pulse; they function as the chief herbs. Used as the assistant herbs, Ren Shen 
and Da Zao 
help Zhi Gan Cao 
in supplementing Qi, while E Jiao 
tonifies blood and moistens dryness, Mai Dong 
nourishes Yin to clear the lung, and Ma Zi Ren 
nourishes Yin and moisturizes dryness; all assist Sheng Di Huang 
in nourishing heart-blood. Gui Zhi 
and Sheng Jiang 
function as the adjuvant herbs, with the effects of warming heart-Yang and promoting blood circulation. In addition, Zhi Gan Cao 
is used as the guiding herb and mediates the properties of other herbs.
Applications in Bio-medicine: Coronary atherosclerotic cardiopathy, rheumatic heart disease, viral myocarditis, hyperthyroidism, functional arrhythmia, and others conditions which manifest as palpitations, shortness of breath, and an intermittent pulse, and pertain to deficiency of Qi and blood; or chronic bronchitis and protracted cough from tuberculosis, which pertain to impairment of both Qi and Yin.
Modifications:
(a)In the case of severe palpitations, add Wild jujube seed (Suan Zao Ren, 
), Arborvitae seed (Bai Zi Ren, 
), or Magnetite (Cishi, 
).
(b)For protracted cough due to deficiency of the lung, omit Gui Zhi Gui Zhi 
and Sheng Jiang 
, and add Fritillary bulb (Bei Mu 
) and Ophiopogon root (Mai Dong 
).
Cautions: Prolonged use of this formula may cause edema. In cases where edema exists, the dosage of Zhi Gan Cao 
should be reduced.
Prescriptions for Invigorating Yin （补阴剂）
(i) Liuwei Dihuang Wan 
(Pills of Six Ingredients with Rehmannia Combination)
| Composition: | Prepared Rehmannia root (Shu Di Huang,  ) |
24 g |
Dogwood fruit (Shan Zhu Yu,  ) |
12 g | |
Dioscorea (Shan Yao,  ) |
12 g | |
Poria (Fu Ling,  ) |
9 g | |
Moutan bark (Mu Dan Pi,  ) |
9 g | |
Alismatis rhizome (Ze Xie,  ) |
9 g |
Administration: The herbs are ground into powder and mixed with honey to make pills. Take 6–9 g three times daily with warm boiled water or lightly salted water.
Functions: To replenish Yin and invigorate the kidney.
Indications: Yin deficiency of the kidney and liver with the following symptoms: soreness and weakness of the waist and knees, vertigo, tinnitus, deafness, night sweats, seminal emissions, diabetes, a steaming sensation in the bones, hectic fever, a feverish sensation in the palms and soles, a dry tongue and sore throat, gomphiasis, pain in the heels, dribbling urination, persistent opening of the fontanel, a reddened tongue with little coating, and a thready rapid pulse.
Formula Analysis: This is the commonly formula for the deficiency of kidney-Yin and flaring-up of deficiency fire. All the disorders should be treated by means of nourishing the liver and kidney. Used as the chief herb, Shu Di Huang 
with sweet and warm properties (in a substantial dosage in this formula) is meant to nourish Yin and invigorate the kidney, enrich the essence, and replenish the marrow. Acting together as the assistant herbs, Shan Zhu Yu 
with sour and warm properties is used for nourishing the liver, replenishing the kidney, and astringing semen to prevent emission, and Shan Yao 
with sweet and neutral properties reinforces the spleen and kidney and consolidates the kidney essence. Ze Xie 
with sweet and cold properties promotes diuresis to eliminate dampness while preventing the chief herb from generating dampness. Mu Dan Pi 
with bitter and pungent properties clears heat from the liver and restricts the warm property of Shan Zhu Yu 
. Fu Ling 
with sweet, bland, and neutral properties, gentle in its action of eliminating dampness from the spleen, helps Shan Yao 
promote the transportation and transformation function of the spleen. These three herbs act as adjuvant herbs. The combination of these herbs achieves “three tonic effects and three purgative effects,” with emphasis on the former function.
Applications in Bio-medicine: Diabetes, hypertension, hyperthyroidism, infantile malnutrition, maldevelopment, chronic nephritis, menopause, neurasthenia, and other diseases which pertain to the syndrome of kidney-Yin deficiency.
Modifications:
(a)In cases of severe dizziness, blurred vision, and dry eyes, add Wolfberry fruit (Gou Qi Zi, 
) and Chrysanthemum flower (Ju Hua, 
). This formula is named Qiju Di Huang Wan.
(b)For severe afternoon fever, night sweats, nocturnal emissions, yellow urine, and a rapid forceful pulse, add Anemarrhena rhizome (Zhi Mu, 
) and Phellodendron bark (Huang Bai, 
). This formula is known as Zhibai Di Huang Wan.
(c)For severe tinnitus and deafness, add Schisandra fruit (Wu Wei Zi, 
), Grassleaved sweetflag (Shi Chang Pu, 
), and Magnetite (Cishi, 
). This formula is called Erlong Zuoci Wan.
(ii) Yiguan Jian 
(All-Along Decoction)
| Composition: | Glehnia root (Sha Shen,  ) |
10 g |
Ophiopogon root (Mai Dong,  ) |
10 g | |
Fresh Rehmannia root (Sheng Di Huang,  ) |
30 g | |
ichuan chinaberry (Chuan Lian Zi,  ) |
5 g | |
Chinese Angelica root (Dang Gui,  ) |
10 g | |
Wolfberry fruit (Gou Qi Zi,  ) |
12 g |
Administration: Decoct in water for oral application.
Functions: To replenish Yin and promote the liver’s function of dispersing and descending.
Indications: The Syndrome of Qi stagnation due to blood-dryness caused by Yin deficiency of both the liver and the kidney, manifested as chest, epigastric and hypochondriac pain, acid regurgitation, dry throat and mouth, a reddened tongue with reduced saliva, and a thready taut pulse.
Formula Analysis: This is the commonly used formula for stagnation of the liver caused by Yin deficiency of the liver and kidney, choppy flow of liver-Qi causing Qi stagnation, and invasion of the stomach by stagnant liver-Qi. All the disorders should be treated by nourishing Yin and dispersing stagnated liver-Qi. The large dosage of Sheng Di Huang 
with sweet, bitter, and cold properties, the chief herb, is meant to nourish Yin and blood to invigorate the liver and kidney. This is known as “replenishing the water to nourish the wood.” Sha Shen 
, Mai Dong 
, Dang Gui 
, and Gou Qi Zi 
act as the assistant herbs to enhance the effects of the chief herb. The small dosage of Chuan Lian Zi 
with bitter, cold, and toxic properties, the adjuvant herb, is aimed at dispersing stagnated liver-Qi and purging heat, promoting the flow of Qi, and relieving pain so that the liver-Qi can spread freely. The combination of all the herbs in the recipe not only nourishes the liver but also soothes and regulates the liver’s function. The consideration is based on the theory that “the liver is characterized by its body pertaining to Yin with its function to Yang.”
Applications in Bio-medicine: Chronic hepatitis, chronic gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers, intercostal neuralgia, hernia, and other diseases which chiefly manifest as pain in the chest, epigastrium, hypochondrium and costae, and are attributable to stagnation of Qi due to Yin deficiency.
Modifications:
(a)For a severe bitter flavor in the mouth and acid regurgitation, add Coptis root (Huang Lian, 
) and Evodia fruit (Wu Zhu Yu, 
).
(b)For severe abdominal pain, add White peony root (Bai Shao, 
) and Licorice (Gan Cao, 
).
(c)For severe hypochondriac pain, add Corydalis, tuber (Yan Hu Suo, 
and Cyperus tuber (Xiang Fu, 
).
(d)For nausea and vomiting, add Amomum fruit (Sha Ren, 
) and Pinellia tuber (Ban Xia, 
).
Prescriptions for Invigorating Yang（补阳剂）
(i) Shen Qi Wan 
(Kidney-Qi Pill)
| Composition: | Prepared Rehmannia root (Shu Di Huang,  ) |
240 g |
Dioscorea (Shan Yao,  ) |
120 g | |
Dogwood fruit (Shan Zhu Yu,  ) |
120 g | |
Alismatis rhizome (Ze Xie,  ) |
90 g | |
Poria (Fu Ling,  ) |
90 g | |
Moutan bark (Mu Dan Pi,  ) |
90 g | |
Cinnamon twigs (Gui Zhi,  ) |
30 g | |
Prepared aconite root (Fu Zi,  ) |
30 g |
Administration: The herbs are ground into fine powder, and mixed with honey to make pills. Twice daily, take 6 g with warm boiled water or lightly salted water. Altematively, decoct the herbs in water, each dosage being correspondingly reduced.
Functions: To warm and reinforce kidney-Yang.
Indications: The kidney-Yang deficiency, manifested as lumbago and weakness of the legs, a cold feeling in the lower body, tightness of the lower abdomen, dysuria or polyuria, a pale large tongue, a feeble pulse or a deep faint chi pulse, as well as phlegm retention, edema, diabetes, beriberi, and dysuria with lower abdominal colic.
Formula Analysis: This is the commonly used formula for the deficiency of kidney-Yang, which fails to activate Qi and thus promote diuresis. All the disorders should be treated by means of warming and invigorating the kidney and tonifying Yang. In the formula, Fu Zi 
and Gui Zhi 
are the chief herbs, with the effects of warming kidney-Yang and promoting the function of Qi to slightly generate fire to activate kidney-Qi. Shu Di Huang 
, Shan Zhu Yu 
, and Shan Yao 
function as the assistant herbs to nourish kidney-Yin and invigorate the kidney, enrich the essence, and replenish the marrow. The combination of the chief and assistant herbs is meant to warm kidney-Yang while nourishing kidney-Yin so as to enhance the former effect. The formula consists of fewer herbs for invigorating Yang than those for nourishing Yin, so it can generate a small amount of fire to activate kidney-Qi. Used as adjuvant herbs, Ze Xie 
, and Fu Ling 
promote diuresis and blood circulation, and prevent the tonic herbs from generating dampness; Mu Dan Pi 
with bitter and pungent properties possesses the function of clearing heat from the liver.
Applications in Bio-medicine: Diabetes, chronic nephritis, neurasthenia, impotence, edema, chronic bronchitis, menopausal syndrome and others which pertain to deficiency of kidney-Yang.
Modifications:
(a)For edema and dysuria, add Plantain seed (Che Qian Zi, 
) and Cyathula root (Niu Xi, 
), creating the formula called Jiawei Shen Qi Wan.
(b)In cases of concomitant sexual impotence, add Epimedium (Yin Yang Huo, 
), Psoralea fruit (Bu Gu Zhi, 
), and Morinda root (Ba Ji Tian, 
).